Thursday, August 27, 2020

Sir Walter Scott :: Essays Papers

Sir Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott was conceived in an apartment at College Wynd, in Edinburgh, on August 15, 1771. There is proof that he may have been conceived in 1770 and when his mom was gotten some information about it she said she had overlooked the detail of when he was conceived. There was no profound warmth among guardians and youngsters in the Scott family. The Scott family had no less than twelve kids and youthful Walter was the ninth. Him and his two different siblings were the main youngsters to endure. All other nine youngsters had kicked the bucket since they were untimely or they passed on soon after they had been conceived. At the hour of Walters birth his mom was thirty-nine and his dad was forty-two and having a kid was not energizing to them any longer. His folks had named one of their first kin Walter who was conceived and kicked the bucket in 1766 and after they named youthful Walter that he generally felt that he had a recycled name. Walter was a sound kid until he was around e ighteen months and he got a terrible fever, which saved him in bed for some time. At some point at the point when he was recouping he was in the shower and they understood he had lost the development in his correct leg. He had puerile loss of motion. Specialists attempted to support him and fix it yet it was an act of futility. He was not completely disabled yet his correct leg could never be the equivalent. His mom became pregnant again and she was unable to manage Walter while he was wiped out. Hence she sent him to him to his granddad's ranch at Sandy Knowe in the spring of 1773. He remained at this ranch until he was three and a half. It was hear that his granddad instructed him to walk and inevitably run. Everybody on the homestead likewise urged Walter to talk Walter's auntie; Janet Scott carried it upon herself to raise Walter. Throughout the following six years she was Walter's temporary mother and first instructor. Walter's relationship with his dad endured twenty-eight years and went however a wide range of stages. Commanding over everything else Walter realized that he was not a significant kid. Robert his most seasoned sibling didn't go to the High School like his siblings did yet was sent to a prevalent all inclusive school. He likewise had the opportunity to pick his calling not at all like Walter.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Music in My Life Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Music in My Life Persuasive Essay Music has been a gigantic piece of my life for a long time, since the time I concluded that I needed to play guitar my first year of secondary school. My companion said he would show me how to play, yet he disclosed to me that I ought to tune in to bunches of music first. I burrowed through my parents’ CD assortment and pulled out a Green Day collection titled â€Å"American Idiot. † That is the point at which my extraordinary love for music was conceived. We never truly began with the guitar exercises, I still haven’t figured out how to play guitar, yet now I am extremely enthusiastic pretty much all music. Each tune is excellent in its own particular manner, since it is a statement of human feeling. I used to take piano exercises for a long time, however I needed to stop since life was extremely occupied, it despite everything is. I can play a couple of good tunes on piano, however I never truly turned out to be acceptable at playing like my sibling. My sibling is a remarkable piano player. I began to show myself guitar toward the start of my senior year in secondary school, yet as I said my life has been very frenzied, and I am bad at rehearsing normally. I joined ensemble toward the start of my senior year also, and that has been one of the most stunning encounters I have ever experienced. The tunes we sing in ensemble are for the most part extremely wonderful, and something pretty much the entirety of the astounding, capable voices in the room singing as one sends chills down my spine. I am not very acceptable at understanding music and singing the note directly from the sheet music, be that as it may. I have to hear the notes played on piano to sing it effectively. It likewise takes me some time to peruse the notes and name which note they are and what key the music piece is in. Despite the fact that I am not very acceptable at understanding music, I am truly adept at tuning in to it. On the other hand, who isn’t? I appreciate tuning in to a wide range of sorts of music. Music like funk rock gets me into that kind of mind-set where I simply feel better. It’s not a sentiment of bliss, yet progressively like a sentiment of having a good time at that point. Underground rock can cause me to feel kind of siphoned up and set. Old style rock is a music sort that I like to tune in to when I am glad, and it keeps me feeling upbeat as I hear it out. Outside the box rock typically gives me a sentiment of satisfaction too, yet it’s likewise inspirational to me. It causes me to feel like I can take on the world and defeat my future difficulties. I love tuning in to various sorts of music, since they influence my state of mind from multiple points of view. Now and again they can assist me with feeling much improved and once in a while they help me think. This is one of the melodic ideas that I am keen on. The way that music influences our brains is so bewildering to me. I need to figure out how and why music does this. I am taking this course since I need to get familiar with the fundamentals of music so I can figure out how to play and sing better than I am currently. I need to retain the notes by heart and by ear so I will have a simpler time attempting to sing or play an instrument. I additionally need to become familiar with the numerous harmonies, and realize which harmony or harmony mixes will sound great together and make a specific inclination. I have just barely scratched the outside of music now, however I plan to learn considerably more about music later on. This class is the initial step to the progression into the field of music.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Genetic Causes of Borderline Personality Disorder

Genetic Causes of Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Print Genetic Causes of Borderline Personality Disorder By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Updated on September 20, 2019 Mixmike/Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions Are you wondering about the genetic causes of borderline personality disorder? Youre not alone. Many people wonder why they or a loved one has borderline personality disorder (BPD). Unfortunately, there are no easy answers, but research is getting closer to understanding the causes of BPD. Genetics or Environmental Causes Studies of BPD in families show that first-degree relatives â€" meaning siblings, children, or parents â€" of people treated for BPD are ten times more likely to have been treated for BPD themselves than the relatives of people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. However, while this suggests that BPD runs in families, studies of this type do not tell us exactly how much of BPD is due to genetics. Thats because first-degree relatives share not just genes, but also environments in most situations. For example, siblings may be raised together by the same parents. This means that these studies may reflect, in part, any environmental causes of BPD as well. Twin Studies Show Genetics Play a Large Role in BPD A more direct, though still imperfect, way to study the influence of genes on BPD is to examine rates of BPD among identical versus fraternal twins. Identical twins have the exact same genetic makeup whereas fraternal twins only have similar genetic makeup, just like two regular siblings. There have been a few twin studies of BPD, which have shown that 42 to 69 percent of the variance in BPD is caused by genetics. This means that 58 to 31 percent of the variance in BPD is caused by other factors, such as the environment. This suggests that BPD is fairly strongly related to genetic causes. Yet, most likely an interaction of genes and environment leads to BPD in most people with the disorder. What the Genetic Factor Means   What does this mean for you? If you have BPD, it means that it is not your fault. You probably have a genetic predisposition to develop the disorder. Perhaps you have also experienced a few of the environmental events that seem to be linked to BPD in some cases, such as being abused as a child or losing a loved one. You do not have BPD because you are “weak” or “can’t handle things.” There is a reason why you experience the symptoms you do. If you have a first-degree relative with BPD, it means that you may have an increased chance of developing the disorder yourself. However, this by no means guarantees that you will develop BPD. In fact, chances are likely that you will not. Why Treatment Is Essential If youre concerned that youre showing signs of BPD, its important to get treatment early. This will reduce any risk factors and help alleviate your symptoms. Speak to your doctor about your symptoms, testing for a proper diagnosis, and treatment options. Borderline Personality Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF If you are a parent and you have BPD, you may be concerned about whether your kids will have BPD too. While it is a possibility, know that even though genes are important, they are not the sole cause of BPD. There may be ways to ensure the environment you provide for your kids reduces their risk. Part of that is ensuring that you get treatment and that you stick with the treatment plan you and your doctor decide on. Psychotherapy may also be an option to help you learn effective parenting skills. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Monday, May 25, 2020

Communication Accommodation Theory And Social Structure

This essay focuses on the communication accommodation theory along side the concept of discourse and social structure, and the power effects of labels. In intercultural communication, language facilitates understanding and although is an imperative role, at times, it can be a barrier. To assist this understanding, the communication accommodation theory focuses of the view that individuals adjust their verbal communication (p. 56). In intercultural communication, the partner’s ability to understand is done through strategies of convergence or divergence. This signals their attitudes towards each other because people adjust communication behavior based on the perception that an individual has of the conversation partner’s communicative behavior. Intercultural encounters are likely to entail more of an adjustment than communicating with an individual of a similar culture. Repetition of the message and perhaps animated gestures are more common in these interactions to make up for misunderstood verbal communication. Discourse refers to written or spoken communication. Therefore, when speaking of discourse analysis we can understand it as the study of language. However, discourse analysis goes ‘beyond the sentence’ and is not only concerned with the study of grammar such as semantics, phonetics, syntax and morphology, yet takes into consideration the larger discourse context. This allows for a clearer understanding in how the surrounding historical and social contexts canShow MoreRelatedThe Co Cultural Theory : A Wide Range Of Diversity Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesrecently adjusted to the social acceptance of The LGBT community (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual). It is important that we evaluate the implications that the LGBT minority group are faced with. We must use Orbe’s co-cultural theory in order to understand the issues that arise from the dominant heterosexual community. The co-cultural theory was created in order to assist in understanding the various ways in which people who are marginalised traditionally in dominant structures of society, communicateRead MoreExploration Of Holistic Development Within A Child s Life1442 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironmental contribution that was necessary to promote what was inherent in the organism’. The main focus of the essay is exploration of holistic development incorporated in a child’s life such as; physical, emotional, intellectual, language and communication (NCM, 2014). Holistic development views the child as a whole individual (Meggitt 2012); and considers the child’s health and life as a whole, in the light of them being connected (Rosecole, 2010). Cognitive Development Cognitive development isRead MoreConstructivism1400 Words   |  6 PagesConstructivism Learning Theory Constructivism learning theory is a philosophy which enhances students logical and conceptual growth. The underlying concept within the constructivism learning theory is the role which experiences-or connections with the adjoining atmosphere-play in student education. The constructivism learning theory argues that people produce knowledge and form meaning based upon their experiences. Two of the key concepts within the constructivism learning theory which create the constructionRead More##t, Piaget And Vygotsky, Repactivism And Constructivists731 Words   |  3 Pageshow best to guide learners in their construction of knowledge. Piaget believed learning was an individual endeavor, cognitive constructivism. Vygotsky believed learning was based on community, social constructivism (J. Byun, personal communication, November 13, 2017). Piaget believed that cognitive structures allow people to process information through connections to prior knowledge. People find patterns, identify rules and generate abstract principles to different applications. He believed peopleRead MoreVygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Vygotsky (1934 – 1987) Vygotsky perspective on sociocultural1000 Words   |  4 PagesVygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Vygotsky (1934 – 1987) Vygotsky perspective on sociocultural theory, his focal point is how culture relates with beliefs, values, traditions and skills in social surroundings and how they are passed from generation to generation. Vygotsky sates that social interaction is very important and how children socialise with each other in cooperative play and how they use communication with extended people who surround them in society. It is how children obtain ways of howRead MoreThe Aspects Of Conflict Within The Workplace870 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant utility for understanding the strategic choices and institutional constraints faced by management in pursuing various employment relations strategies†. The framework consists of three approaches the employees can face: Avoidance, Accommodation and cooperation. All three approaches can advantage and disadvantage the organisation in different aspects. Human resources managers must strategically analysis the most suitable approach for their organisation. The cooperation approach is whenRead MoreResearch On Nature And Nurture Debate1607 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironmental contribution that was necessary to promote what was inherent in the organism’. The main focus of the essay is exploration of holistic development incorporated in a child’s life such as; physical, emotional, intellectual, language and communication (NCM, 2014). Holistic development views the child as a whole individual (Meggitt 2012); and considers the child’s health and life as a whole, in the light of them being connected (Rosecole, 2010). Cognitive development is associated with manyRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky Theories Of Learning1257 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of learning In this essay, I will compare and contrast jean Piaget and lev Vygotsky theories of learning. First, I will discuss Piaget followed by Vygotsky then I will compare and contrast both theorists. Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, he is known for his contribution to a theory of cognitive development. Piaget became interested in the reasons why children gave the wrong answers to questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrectRead MoreConflict Styles With Face Negotiation Theory1022 Words   |  5 PagesConflict Styles With Face Negotiation Theory Introduction: In many aspects of our life, it is pervasive to work in a team. No matter in company, school, or another type of team it is necessary to be a part of a team and to achieve a team goal by corporations. People join a team with different personalities, goals, values, beliefs and needs. On the one hand, these differences can be a valuable quality of teams. On the other hand, these same differences inevitably lead to different levels of conflictsRead MoreCommunication Theory and Theory Application Example Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication Theories and Application Worksheet Fill out the different cells with regard to each theory definition. You are to identify the theory the example represents, who developed the theory (theorist), explain the relevance of the theory, and then provide your own personal or professional application example of the theory. Theory Definition Identify the Theory Theorist(s) Relevance of Theory Application Example from your Personal or Professional Life Theory explains why as relationships

Thursday, May 14, 2020

The Radical Chlorination Of Chlorobutane - 1018 Words

Introduction The radical chlorination of chlorobutane is performed using AIBN and sulfuryl chloride. The purpose in doing this is so that the 4 different products yielded could be observed and analyzed. The four products produced are, 1,1-dichlorobutane, 1,2-dichlorobutane, 1,3-dichlorobutane, and 1,4-dichlorobutane. For each product the chlorine adds in a different location relative to the original chlorine. This is due to a number of reasons, including the degree of carbon substitution and proximity to the chloro substituent.. The goal with this in the experiment was to find out why each product is given in different yields. Experimentally, to determine the effect of the chloro substituent on the reactivity per hydrogen, a gas†¦show more content†¦Relative reactivity was also done by taking the reactivity per H of each divided by the reactivity per H of the 1,4 product. All this data points to the fact that the 1,3 product is by far the favored product. As for the reactivi ty of the carbons, it is observed that in general the further away the chlorine substituent is from the original, the better the yield. In this case however, the one furthest away is not the most yielded. This is because the 1,3 dichlorobutane is at the furthest secondary carbon from the chlorine. The 1,2 and 1,4 products share similar yields likely because the 1,4 is the furthest, but also not secondary, and the 1,2 is secondary but closer to the chlorine, making it have a larger partial positive charge. The 1,1 is formed so little because it is putting a chlorine geminal to the chloro substituent, making it have the highest partial positive charge. Also for the 1,3 product, the radical formed is the most favored radical of the 4 products formed. Discussion As for the reaction itself, the formation of the radical follows the 3 step process of Initiation, Propagation, and Termination. The short run down of this is that the initiation step makes the radical via hydrogen abstraction, the propagation step forms products, and the termination ends the reaction and gives stable products. The rate determining step in this reaction is in the hydrogen abstraction. During hydrogenShow MoreRelatedAbstract. The Free Radical Chlorination Of 1-Chlorobutane1103 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The free radical chlorination of 1-chlorobutane resulted in a mixture of at least 4 different possible products from the reaction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry helped in figuring out which of the products are most abundant in the sample product created as well as in discovering the ratio of relative reactivities of the hydrogens. This experiment showed that the ratio of relative reactivities was found to be 1.0 : 3.5 : 6.2 : 2.4, which indicates that the secondary hydrogens are moreRead MoreRadical Halogenation and Gas Chromatography1319 Words   |  6 PagesRADICAL HALOGENATION AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Abstract In radical halogenations lab 1-chlorobutane and 5% sodium hypochlorite solution was mixed in a vial and put through tests to give a product that can then be analyzed using gas chromatography. This experiment was performed to show how a radical hydrogenation reaction works with alkanes. Four isomers were attained and then relative reactivity rate was calculated. 1,1-dichlorobutane had 2.5% per Hydrogen; 1,2-dichlorobutane had 10%; 1,3-dichlorobutane

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Social Justice Or Injustice Domestic Violence - 1489 Words

Social Justice or Injustice Domestic violence (DV) has and continues to affect millions of, women, men, children and the elderly every day. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, defines Domestic violence as, â€Å"hurtful, repeated and intentional behavior that one person uses to maintain power and control over another in an intimate relationship.† (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.) Abuse impacts many individuals from various backgrounds. Abuse comes in many forms, verbal, emotional, physical, sexual and, covers a wide range of tactics to establish and maintain power and control. A predominant form of DV is Intimate Partner Violence is also known as (IPV,) which affects millions of people every year, primarily women†¦show more content†¦What I have learned in this process is that each victims process of understanding and dealing with domestic violence is different. There is no formula to can accurately tell you how to react, feel, describe, process what happens to you in that moment and what to do after. After talking to a few women and a man, what I was able to gather from my understanding is that there is the moment that takes place where the act of abuse happens, silence and then an apology. Granted I do not know or believe that this is a case for every victim, but based on the conversations I had with three victims these are commonalities is found. While I listened to their stories of events that took place, I found myself shaking my head, saying â€Å"oh my god† at one point I even asked a person if you were okay; She laughed and said â€Å"yea that was a long time ago.† For the victims, these events may have happened a while back but in that moment the actions the emotions were fresh to me. Having these conversations triggered my feeling sadness, hurt, sacred and disgusted, but at the end I also felt happy and relieved. I went into this experience hoping that I would not be judgmental and remain un derstandable. I would consider myself to be a person who may â€Å"know what I would do in a situation if it happened to me† without having it happening to me or having a direct tie to it. Being aware that may me a possible bias and hoping thatShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence : The Horrific Effects Of Abuse1464 Words   |  6 PagesDOMESTIC VIOLENCE: The Horrifying Effects of Abuse â€Å"To those who abuse: the sin yours, the crime is yours, and the shame is yours. To those who protect the perpetrators: blaming the victims only masks the evil within, making you as guilty as those who abuse. Stand up for the innocent or go down with the rest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These are the words of an individual who sees too clearly the injustice which comes with domestic violence toward women. The United States government estimates one in every four women willRead MoreDomestic Violence and Abuse: A Global Epidemic Essay877 Words   |  4 Pages Domestic violence is a serious issue that negatively impacts women in our society. â€Å"Domestic abuse is a violent confrontation between family or household members involving physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm† (Domestic Violence). Although domestic violence can impact men as well, this type of abuse seems to be more prevalent among women. This abuse destroys families and can even lead to death in some cases. Even though there has been improvement in spreading awareness about thisRead MoreThe Violence Against Women Act914 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical Context Long before its enactment on September 13, 1994, the foundation for the Violence Against Women Act was being constructed. More than 140 years ago, members of the U.S. government were working to end the injustice of violence against women when, in 1871, Alabama was the first state to make it illegal for a man to beat his wife (U.S. Department of Justice, 2010). In 1967, one of the first domestic violence shelters in the country opened its doors in Maine; and from that time until 1994, progressRead MoreAnti Islam : Anti Oppressive Practice Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches. But it is not limited within those approaches. Anti-Oppressive social work is a practice represents the theories and approaches of social justice. Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP) is reflecting deferent types of views and theories in a practice approach. According to Baines.D (2007, p.4) : ‘Rather than a single approach, aop is an umbrella term for a number of social justice-oriented approaches to social work, including feminist, Marxist, postmodernist, Indigenous, poststructuralistRead MoreRacism And The Latino Culture1485 Words   |  6 Pagessquare home. I have witnessed silence imprison people of this community which has allowed injustices to occur. Of the several oppressions that occur within my community, sexism often times is ignored. Within my community the Latino culture is established, and within the Latino culture a patriarchy is set in place; where males are superior to woman, a machismo culture dominants the power of women and domestic and sexual harassment occur. Within my community internal sexism is experienced by many womenRead MoreInjustices : The Wrong Human Rights1459 Words   |  6 Pag esInjustices: The Wrong Human Rights In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article one states, â€Å"[that] all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights,† (â€Å"The Universal Declaration . . . â€Å"). Although this is written and followed in many countries around the world, there are still countries that do not follow this statement. These countries are the ones where freedom are not given freely. People have to fights for rights that should be automatically given. Goal number sixteenRead MoreGulabi Gang and the Fight on Violence against Women1258 Words   |  5 PagesGulabi Gang and the Fight on Violence against Women In Uttar Pradesh, India, a group of women wearing pink saris and sticks called lathis (batons used by policemen) have been making news worldwide because of its radical method of beating abusive men / husbands to their wives with their sticks. This group of women is called the Gulabi or Pink Gang, and their objective is to provide justice to abused wives / women by beating their husbands with sticks (and in some instances, throwing chili to theirRead MorePeter Muniz : Social Ethics1538 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Muniz Social Ethics For the first 3 chapters, Melchin has said nothing about Christianity, yet his book claims to be an introduction to Christian Ethics! Whereas Philosophy tends to talk in terms of â€Å"injustice,† Christianity prefers the language of â€Å"evil† and â€Å"sin.† This stems from the Christian cosmology which asserts that the natural order (the universe in which we live) is distorted, defective and/or fundamentally screwed-up due to the exercise of human free will. In other words, God’sRead MoreNew Concepts That Generate Inspiration, Skepticism, Cognitive Shifts, And Derision Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesThesis Traditional justice is vastly different from restorative justice as the former focuses on retribution. Indigenous people had a distinct way of approaching justice within their societies, their practice of restorative ways centered on a community approach. Offenders were made to accept responsibility for their deviant actions. The philosophy behind the practice is the community, victim, and offender coming together as one was needed to restore order and all move forward in a positiveRead MoreHow Domestic Violence Affects Children As Well As The Mental Health Of Its Victims1744 Words   |  7 PagesWhitney M. Young Jr School of Social Work LaShoney Frink Review of Literature The purpose of this literature is to deliver an extensive overview of the research topic. This chapter will provide a historical background on domestic violence, a historical perspective of the services provided and an overview of different forms of domestic violence. The goal of this literature review is to examine the statistical information that is presented as it relates to domestic violence. This literature review

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Distillation Column free essay sample

The components that need to be separated are 1-propanol and 2-propanol. These two compounds are isomers with fairly close boiling points. They are separated based on their physical propertis. With the battch distillation might be almost impossible to do the sepapration. Capacity of the reboiler is 20 L. The Supply of pressure and steam is regulated by a newly-established controll system consisting of a steam pressure sensor, a Fieldpoint data communication and aquisition module from National Instrument, an electromagnetic control valve, and a LabView control algorithm designed by dr. Jang. The data was taken frm one of the six computers near the column which had the control algorithm. The Fieldpoint module needed to be connected with the column via Internet. In this column at different stages there are 10 thermocouples (K type) inserted in each tray. Manual steam valve open 40%. Proportional gain or band (Kc) 2 Integral (reset) time ( Ti min) 0. 2 Derivative (rate) time (Td min) 0 Steam pressure set at 9 psig. We will write a custom essay sample on Distillation Column or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Used Peng Robinson model Inside the column, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and condensation of the upflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficacy of the distillation column. The more reflux is provided for a given number of distilaliton plates, the better is the columns separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Conversely, for a given desired separation, the more reflux is provided, the fewer distillation plates are required as in our cases 8 plates. A reboiler at the bottom of the distillation column provides the heat needed to generate the upflowing vapors inside the column. The reboiler can be a heat exchanger. Fig. 1 The liquid feed mixture to be distilled 1 propol and 2 propanol is placed into the round-bottomed flask along. As the mixture is heated and boils, vapor rises up the column. Some of the vapor cools and condenses on the glass platforms (known as plates or trays) inside the column and runs back down into the liquid below, thereby refluxing the upflowing distillate vapor. The hottest tray is at the bottom of the column and the coolest tray is at the top. At steady state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray is at equilibrium. Only the most volatile with hte lowest boiling temperature of the vapors stays in gaseous form all the way to the top. The vapor at the top of the column then passes into the water-cooled condenser, where it condenses into a liquid. The process continues until all of the most volatile components in the liquid feed boil out of the mixture. When a liquid mixture 1 propanol and 2 propanol is heated so that it boils, the evolved vapor will have a higher concentration of the more volatile 2 propanol (i. e. , lower boiling point) components than the liquid mixture from which it evolved. Conversely, when a vapor mixture is cooled, the less volatile components tend to condense in a greater proportion than the more volatile components. The heated feed is partially vaporized and rises up the column. However, as it rises, it cools by contacting the descending cooler liquid and partially condenses so that, while part of vapor continues to flow upward, the condensed portion is enriched in the less volatile component(s) and flows downward. As the vapor continues to flow upward, it undergoes partial condensation a number of times and each time becomes richer in the more volatile component). The column is kept at steady state temperatures, pressures, and compositions at every point within the column are essentially kept constant during operation.